An Alternative Method for Division of Fractions: Situations of Contingency and Teachers’ Responses
Keywords:
teacher response, contingency, fraction division, student-invented strategyAbstract
When approaching mathematical tasks, students occasionally introduce unconventional methods, which may be rejected by teachers despite their validity. This paper presents two studies conducted to examine teachers’ responses to an alternative method for division of fractions (AMDF), presented by a hypothetical student, in two different contexts. In Study 1, prospective teachers () wrote about how they would respond to a student’s suggestion to use the AMDF. In Study 2, teachers with various levels of professional experience () were interviewed to capture their responses to a student who uses both the AMDF and a standard division algorithm. The teachers’ responses from both studies were analysed by drawing on components of the Knowledge Quartet framework. The findings suggest additional refinement of the framework and illustrate a difference between teachers’ responses in writing and in an interview.
References
Baldinger, E. E., & Campbell, M. P. (2021). Making learning visible: Cases of teacher candidates learning to respond to errors through multiple approximations of practice. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 23(4), 119–142. https://mted.merga.net.au/index.php/mted/article/view/632
Ball, D. L. (1990). Prospective elementary and secondary teachers’ understanding of division. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 21(2), 132–144. https://doi.org/10.2307/749140
Borko, H., Eisenhart, M., Brown, C. A., Underhill, R. G., Jones, D., & Agard, P. C. (1992). Learning to teach hard mathematics: Do novice teachers and their instructors give up too easily? Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 23(3), 194–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/749118
Campbell, P. F., Rowan, T. E., & Suarez, A. R. (1998). What criteria for student-invented algorithms? In L. J. Morrow & M. J. Kenney (Eds.), The teaching and learning of algorithms in school mathematics:1998 yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (4th ed., pp. 49–55). National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Coskun, S. D., Bostan, M. I., & Rowland, T. (2021). Surprises in the mathematics classroom: some in-the-moment responses of a primary teacher. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 23(1), 91–112.
Fennema, E., Carpenter, T. P., Franke, M. L., Levi, L., Jacobs, V. R., & Empson, S. B. (1996). A longitudinal study of learning to use children’s thinking in mathematics instruction. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 27(4), 403–434.
Graeber, A. O., Tirosh, D., & Glover, R. (1989). Preservice teachers’ misconceptions in solving verbal problems in multiplication and division. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 20(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.2307/749100
Herbst, P., Chazan, D., Kosko, K. W., Dimmel, J., & Erickson, A. (2016). Using multimedia questionnaires to study influences on the decisions mathematics teachers make in instructional situations. ZDM Mathematics Education, 48, 167–183.
Hines, E. & McMahon, M.T. (2005). Interpreting middle school students’ proportional reasoning strategies: Observations from preservice teachers. School Science and Mathematics, 105(2), 88–105.
Jacobs, V. R., Franke, M. L., Carpenter, T. P., Levi, L., & Battey, D. (2007). Professional development focused on children’s algebraic reasoning in elementary school. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 38(3), 258–288. https://doi.org/10.2307/30034868
Jakobsen, A., Ribeiro, C. M., & Mellone, M. (2014). Norwegian prospective teachers’ MKT when interpreting pupils’ productions on a fraction task. Nordic Studies in Mathematics Education, 19(3–4), 135–150.
Ma, L. (1999). Knowing and teaching elementary mathematics: Teachers’ understanding of fundamental mathematics in China and the United States. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Magiera, M. T., Van den Kieboom, L. A., & Moyer, J. C. (2013). An exploratory study of pre-service middle school teachers’ knowledge of algebraic thinking. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 84, 93–113.
Kontorovich, I., & Zazkis, R. (2016). Turn vs. shape: Teachers cope with incompatible perspectives on angle. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 93(2), 223-243. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/10.1007/s10649-016-9699-2
Rowland, T. (2020). Frameworks for conceptualizing mathematics teacher knowledge (pp. 299–302). In S. Lerman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mathematics education. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15789-0
Rowland, T., Huckstep, P., & Thwaites, A. (2005). Elementary teachers’ mathematics subject knowledge: The knowledge quartet and the case of Naomi. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 8(3), 255–281.
Rowland, T., Thwaites, A., & Jared, L. (2015). Triggers of contingency in mathematics teaching. Research in Mathematics Education, 17(2), 74–91.
Silver, E. A., Ghousseini, H., Gosen, D., Charalambous, C., & Strawhun, B. T. F. (2005). Moving from rhetoric to praxis: Issues faced by teachers in having students consider multiple solutions for problems in the mathematics classroom. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 24(3–4), 287–301.
Simon, M. A. (1993). Prospective elementary teachers’ knowledge of division. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 24(3), 233–253. https://doi.org/10.2307/749346
Son, J. W., & Crespo, S. (2009). Prospective teachers’ reasoning and response to a student’s non-traditional strategy when dividing fractions. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 12(4), 235–261.
Stein, M. K., Engle, R. A., Smith, M. S., & Hughes, E. K. (2008). Orchestrating productive mathematical discussions: Five practices for helping teachers move beyond show and tell. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 10(4), 313–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/10986060802229675
Tirosh, D. (2000). Enhancing prospective teachers’ knowledge of children’s conceptions: The case of division of fractions. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 31(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/749817
Tirosh, D., & Graeber, A. O. (1990). Evoking cognitive conflict to explore preservice teachers’ thinking about division. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 21(2), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.2307/749137
Van de Walle, J. A., Karp, K. S., & Bay-Williams, J. M. (2016). Elementary and middle school mathematics: Teaching developmentally. Pearson.
Wager, A. A. (2014). Noticing children’s participation: Insights into teacher positionality toward equitable mathematics pedagogy. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 45(3), 312–350.