Using an Analytic Model to Gauge the Potential of Innovative Pedagogies of Approximation in Mathematics Teacher Education

Authors

Keywords:

Approximations, StoryCircles, Preactive, Interactive, Mathematics teacher education research, Teacher education, Practice-based pedagogies, Methodological models

Abstract

In order to leverage pedagogies of approximation to improve teacher education, educational researchers must first tackle the methodological question “How can we determine the potential of pedagogies of approximation for supporting the growth of prospective teachers’ knowledge and practices for teaching?” In this paper, we offer a model called the Dual Action Cycles of Approximations of Practice for identifying the pedagogical practices made available to pre-service teachers within various approximations of practice and describe its use to empirically investigate the potential of StoryCircles—a facilitated process of collaboratively representing a lesson using a multimedia storyboarding tool. We illustrate ways that the Dual Action Cycles Model was used to make observations of pre-service teachers during StoryCircles. A key feature of the model is that it provides a bi-focal perspective on both the preactive and interactive phases of teaching, which help bring into focus the interdependent nature of these two phases. We close by suggesting that the development of new forms of approximation needs to be accompanied by research frameworks capable of investigating the potential of these various innovations.

Author Biographies

Patricio Herbst, University of Michigan

Educational Studies, Professor

Kristi Hanby, Wayne Regional Educational Service Agency

Mathematics Consultant

References

Amidon, J., Chazan, D., Grosser-Clarkson, D., & Fleming, E. (2017). Commentary: Meet me in Azul’s room: Designing a virtual field placement for learning to teach mathematics. Mathematics Teacher Educator, 6(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.5951/mathteaceduc.6.1.0052

Anthony, G., Hunter, J. & Hunter, R. (2015). Learning to professionally notice students’ mathematical thinking through rehearsal activities. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 17 (2), 7–24.

Ayalon, M., & Wilkie, K. J. (2020). Developing assessment literacy through approximations of practice: Exploring secondary mathematics pre-service teachers developing criteria for a rich quadratics task. Teaching and Teacher Education, 89, 103011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.103011

Baldinger, E. E., & Campbell, M. P. (2021). Making learning visible: Cases of teacher candidates learning to respond to errors through multiple approximations of practice. Mathematics Teacher Education & Development, 23(4), 119–142.

Baldinger, E. E., Campbell, M. P., & Graif, F. (2021). Learning to respond to students in discussions: Examining the use of planted errors in an approximation of practice. Journal of Teacher Education, 72(5), 523-537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487120977148

Ball, D. L., Ben-Peretz, M., & Cohen, R. B. (2014). Records of practice and the development of collective professional knowledge. British Journal of Educational Studies, 62(3), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2014.959466

Ball, D. L., & Cohen, D. K. (1999). Developing practice, developing practitioners: Toward a practice-based theory of professional education. In G. Sykes & L. Darling-Hammond (Eds.), Teaching as the learning profession: Handbook of policy and practice (pp. 3–32). Jossey Bass.

Ball, D. L., & Forzani, F. M. (2011). Building a common core for learning to teach: And connecting professional learning to practice. American Educator, 35(2), 17–21, 38–39.

Bellack, A. A., Kliebard, H. M., Hyman, R. T., & Smith, F. L. (1966). The language of the classroom. Teachers College Press.

Bondurant, L., & Amidon, J. (2021). Virtual field experiences as an opportunity to develop preservice teachers’ efficacy and equitable teaching practice. In K. Hollebrands, R. Anderson, & K. Oliver (Eds.) Online learning in mathematics education (pp. 317–334). Springer.

Borko, H., & Livingston, C. (1989). Cognition and improvisation: Differences in mathematics instruction by expert and novice teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 26(4), 473–498. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312026004473

Brown, A., Stevens, I., Herbst, P., & Huhn, C. (2021). Confronting teachers with contingencies to support their learning about situation-specific pedagogical decisions in an online context. In K. Hollebrands, R. Anderson, & K. Oliver (Eds). Online learning in mathematics education (pp. 291–316). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80230-1_15

Campbell, M. P., Baldinger, E. E., & Graif, F. (2020). Representing student voice in an approximation of practice: Using planted errors in coached rehearsals to support teacher candidate learning. Mathematics Teacher Educator, 9(1), 23–49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5951/mte.2020.0005

Campbell, M. P., & Elliott, R. (2015). Designing approximations of practice and conceptualising responsive and practice-focused secondary mathematics teacher education. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 17(2), 146–164.

Casey, S., Lesseig, K., Monson, D., & Krupa, E. E. (2018). Examining preservice secondary mathematics teachers' responses to student work to solve linear equations. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 20(1), 132–153.

Chazan, D. (2000). Beyond formulas in mathematics and teaching: Dynamics of the high school algebra classroom. Teachers College Press.

Chen, C. (2012). Learning to teach from anticipating lessons through comics-based approximations of practice. [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan]. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/91421

Cirillo, M., LaRochelle, R., Arbaugh, F., & Bieda, K. N. (2020). An innovative early field experience for preservice secondary teachers: Early results from shifting to an online model. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 353–363. http://www.learntechlib.org/p/216305/

Crespo, S. (2000). Seeing more than right and wrong answers: Prospective teachers' interpretations of students' mathematical work. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 3(2), 155–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009999016764

Crespo, S. M. (2003). Using math pen-pal letters to promote mathematical communication. Teaching Children Mathematics, 10(1), 34–39.

Crespo, S., Bowen, D., Buli, T., Bannister, N., & Kalinec-Craig, C. (2021). Supporting prospective teachers to notice and name student language resources as mathematical strengths. ZDM–Mathematics Education, 53(2), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01205-2

Crespo, S., Oslund, J., & Parks, A. (2011). Imagining mathematics teaching practice: Prospective teachers generate representations of a class discussion. ZDM–Mathematics Education, 43(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858010-0296-z

Doerr, H. M. (2006). Teachers' ways of listening and responding to students' emerging mathematical models. ZDM– Mathematics Education, 38(3), 255–268.

de Araujo, Z., Amador, J., Estapa, A., Weston, T., Aming-Attai, R., & Kosko, K. W. (2015). Animating preservice teachers’ noticing. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 17(2), 25–44.

Dieker, L. A., Straub, C., Hynes, M., Hughes, C. E., Bukahy, C., Bousfield, T., & Mrstik, S. (2019). Using virtual rehearsal in a simulator to impact the performance of science teachers. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 11(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGCMS.2019100101

Earnest, D., & Amador, J. M. (2017). Lesson planimation: Prospective elementary teachers’ interactions with mathematics curricula. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 22(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-017-9374-2

Fernández, M. L. (2007). Communication and instruction in an online graduate education course. Teaching Education, 18(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210701325176

Fjeld, M., Lauche, K., Bichsel, M., Voorhorst, F., Krueger, H., & Rauterberg, M. (2002). Physical and virtual tools: Activity theory applied to the design of groupware. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 11(1–2), 153–180. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015269228596

Forzani, F. M. (2014). Understanding “core practices” and “practice-based” teacher education: Learning from the past. Journal of Teacher Education, 65(4), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487114533800

Fyhn, A. B., & Berntsen, G. (2022). A mathematics teacher’s respectful listening in a culturally diverse class. Journal of Peace Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/17400201.2022.2105312

Ghousseini, H. (2017). Rehearsals of teaching and opportunities to learn mathematical knowledge for teaching. Cognition and Instruction, 35(3), 188–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2017.1323903

Greenwald, S. J. (2000). The use of letter writing projects in teaching geometry. Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies (PRIMUS), 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511970008965945

Grossman, P., Compton, C., Igra, D., Ronfeldt, M., Shahan, E., & Williamson, P. (2009). Teaching practice: A cross-professional perspective. The Teachers College Record, 111(9), 2055–2100.

Grossman, P., & McDonald, M. (2008). Back to the future: Directions for research in teaching and teacher education. American Educational Research Journal, 45(1), 184–205. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831207312906

Herbst, P., Aaron, W., & Chieu, V. M. (2013). LessonSketch: An environment for teachers to examine mathematical practice and learn about its standards. In D. Polly (Ed.), Common Core Mathematics Standards and Implementing Digital Technologies (pp. 281–294). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4086-3.ch019

Herbst, P., Chazan, D., Chen, C. L., Chieu, V. M., & Weiss, M. (2011). Using comics-based representations of teaching, and technology, to bring practice to teacher education courses. ZDM–Mathematics Education, 43(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-010-0290-5

Herbst, P., Chazan, D., Chieu, V. M., Milewski, A., Kosko, K. W., & Aaron, W. R. (2019). Technology-mediated mathematics teacher development: Research on digital pedagogies of practice. In Pre-service and in-service teacher education: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications (pp. 194–222). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7305-0.ch010

Herbst, P., Chieu, V. M., & Rougée, A. (2014). Approximating the practice of mathematics teaching: What learning can web-based, multimedia storyboarding software enable? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 14(4). http://www.citejournal.org/vol14/iss4/mathematics/article1.cfm

Herbst, P., Ko, I., & Milewski, A. (2020). A heuristic approach to assess change in mathematical knowledge for teaching geometry after a practice-based professional learning intervention. Research in Mathematics Education, 22(2), 188–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/14794802.2019.1704851

Herbst, P., & Milewski, A. M. (2018). What StoryCircles can do for mathematics teaching and teacher education? In R. Zazkis & P. Herbst (Eds), Mathematical dialogue: Scripting approaches in mathematics education research and practice. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62692-5_15

Hogan, T., Rabinowitz, M., & Craven, J. A. III (2003). Representation in teaching: Inferences from research of expert and novice teachers. Educational Psychologist, 38(4), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3804_3

Horn, I. S. (2010). Teaching replays, teaching rehearsals, and re-visions of practice: Learning from colleagues in a mathematics teacher community. Teachers College Record, 112(1), 225–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811011200109

Janssen F. J. J. M., Grossman P., & Westbroek H. B. (2015). Facilitating decomposition and recomposition in practice-based teacher education: The power of modularity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 51, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.06.009

John, P. D. (2006). Lesson planning and the student teacher: Re‐thinking the dominant model. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 38(4), 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220270500363620

Jordan, B., & Henderson, A. (1995). Interaction analysis: Foundations and practice. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4(1), 39–103. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0401_2

Kalinec-Craig, C. A., Bannister, N., Bowen, D., Jacques, L. A., & Crespo, S. (2021). “It was smart when”: Supporting prospective teachers’ noticing of students’ mathematical strengths. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 24(4), 375–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-020-09464-2

Kavanoz, H. S., & Yüksel, G. (2010). An investigation of peer-teaching technique in student teacher development. The International Journal of Research in Teacher Education, 1(3), 1–19. http://ijrte.eab.org.tr/1/spc.issue/1s.hatipoglu.pdf

Kavanagh, S. S., Metz, M., Hauser, M., Fogo, B., Taylor, M. W., & Carlson, J. (2020). Practicing responsiveness: Using approximations of teaching to develop teachers’ responsiveness to students’ ideas. Journal of Teacher Education, 71(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487119841884

Kazemi, E., & Franke, M. L. (2004). Teacher learning in mathematics: Using student work to promote collective inquiry. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 7(3), 203–235. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMTE.0000033084.26326.19

Kazemi, E., Franke, M., & Lampert, M. (2009). Developing pedagogies in teacher education to support novice teachers’ ability to enact ambitious instruction. In R. Hunter, B. Bicknell, & T. Burgess (Eds.), Crossing divides: Proceedings of the 32nd annual conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia, Wellington (Vol. 1, pp. 11–30).

Khasnabis, D., Goldin, S., & Ronfeldt, M. (2018). The practice of partnering: simulated parent–teacher conferences as a tool for teacher education. Action in Teacher Education, 40(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2018.1424658

Kochmanski, N. M. (2022). Rehearsing instruction in one-on-one mathematics coaching. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 24(1), 58–71.

Kourieos, S. (2016). Video-mediated microteaching: A stimulus for reflection and teacher growth. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 41(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2016v41n1.4

Lampert, M. (2001). Teaching problems and the problems of teaching. Yale University Press.

Lampert, M. (2010). Learning teaching in, from, and for practice: What do we mean? Journal of Teacher Education, 61(1–2), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487109347321

Lampert, M., & Graziani, F. (2009). Instructional activities as a tool for teachers' and teacher educators' learning. The Elementary School Journal, 109(5), 491–509. https://doi.org/10.1086/596998

Lampert, M., Franke, M. L., Kazemi, E., Ghousseini, H., Turrou, A. C., Beasley, H., Cunard, A., & Crowe, K. (2013). Keeping it complex using rehearsals to support novice teacher learning of ambitious teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 64(3), 226–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487112473837

Lee, H. J., Özgün-Koca, S. A., Meagher, M., & Edwards, M. T. (2018). Examining the impact of a framework to support prospective secondary teachers' transition from 'doer' to 'teacher' of mathematics. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 20(1), 112–131.

Lesseig, K., Casey, S., Monson, D., Krupa, E. E., & Huey, M. (2016). Developing an interview module to support secondary PST's noticing of student thinking. Mathematics Teacher Educator, 5(1), 29–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5951/mathteaceduc.5.1.0029

Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2007). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave MacMillan.

Meyers, A. B., & Berk, L. E. (2014). Make-believe play and self-regulation. The SAGE handbook of play and learning in early childhood (pp. 43–55). SAGE Publications.

Milewski, A., Herbst, P., Bardelli, E., & Hetrick, C. (2018). The role of simulations for supporting professional growth: Teachers’ engagement in virtual professional experimentation. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 26(1), 103–126. http://www.learntechlib.org/p/181094/

Milewski, A. M., Herbst, P. G., & Stevens, I. (2020). Managing to collaborate with secondary mathematics teachers at a distance: Using storyboards as a virtual place for practice and consideration of realistic classroom contingencies. In R. E. Ferdig, E. Baumgartner, R. Hartshorne, R. Kaplan-Rakowski & C. Mouza (Eds.) Teaching, technology, and teacher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: Stories from the field. (pp. 623–630). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/216903/

Monson, D., Krupa, E., Lesseig, K., & Casey, S. (2020). Developing secondary prospective teachers’ ability to respond to student work. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 23(2), 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-018-9420-8

Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas. Basic Books.

Papert, S. (1993). The children’s machine: Rethinking school in the age of the computer. Basic Books.

Piburn, M. D., & Middleton, J. A. (1998). Patterns of faculty and student conversation in Listserv and traditional journals in a program for preservice mathematics and science teachers. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 31(1), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/08886504.1998.10782241

Rougée, A., & Herbst, P. (2018). Does the medium matter? In R. Zazkis & P. Herbst (Eds.), Scripting approaches in mathematics education mathematical dialogues in research and practice (pp. 265–292). Springer Publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62692-5_13

Sanders, K. M., & Harper, L. V. (1976). Free-play fantasy behavior in preschool children: Relations among gender, age, season, and location. Child Development, 1182–1185. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128460

Shaughnessy, M., & Boerst, T. A. (2018). Uncovering the skills that preservice teachers bring to teacher education: The practice of eliciting a student’s thinking. Journal of Teacher Education, 69(1), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487117702574

Short, D. (2012). Teaching scientific concepts using a virtual world: Minecraft. Teaching Science, 58(3), 55–58 http://www.learntechlib.org/p/91796/

Silver, E. A., & Suh, H. (2014). Professional development for secondary school mathematics teachers using student work: Some challenges and promising possibilities. In Y. Li, E. A. Silver & S. Li (Eds.), Transforming mathematics instruction: Multiple approaches and practices (pp. 283–309). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04993-9_17

Sinclair, J. M., & Coulthard, M. (1975). Towards an analysis of discourse: The English used by teachers and pupils. Oxford University Press.

Smith, M. S., Bill, V., & Hughes, E. K. (2008). Thinking through a lesson: Successfully implementing high-level tasks. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 14(3), 132–138. https://doi.org/10.5951/MTMS.14.3.0132

Spiliotopoulos, D., Margaris, D., Vassilakis, C., Petukhova, V., & Kotis, K. (2019). A mixed-reality interaction-driven game-based learning framework. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems (pp. 229–236). https://doi.org/10.1145/3297662.3365802

Stein, M. K., Engle, R. A., Smith, M. S., & Hughes, E. K. (2008). Orchestrating productive mathematical discussions: Helping teachers learn to better incorporate student thinking. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 10(4), 313–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/10986060802229675

Sweeney, J., Milewski, A., & Amidon, J. (2018). On-ramps to professional practice: Selecting and implementing digital technologies for virtual field experiences. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 18(4), 670–691. http://www.learntechlib.org/p/182990/

Taheri, M. A. (1982). Analysis of expertise in planning and interactive decision making among health-related physical fitness teachers. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh].

Tettegah, S. (2005). Technology, narrative, vignettes, and the intercultural and cross-cultural teaching portal. Urban Education, 40(4), 268–293.

Walker, J. M., & Dotger, B. H. (2012). Because wisdom can’t be told: Using comparison of simulated parent–teacher conferences to assess teacher candidates’ readiness for family-school partnership. Journal of Teacher Education, 63(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487111419300

Walkoe, J., & Levin, D. M. (2018). Using technology in representing practice to support preservice teachers’ quality questioning: The roles of noticing in improving practice. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 26(1), 127–147. http://www.learntechlib.org/p/181146/

Webel, C., & Conner, K. A. (2017). Using simulated teaching experiences to perturb preservice teachers’ mathematics questioning practices. Mathematics Teacher Educator, 6(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.5951/mathteaceduc.6.1.0009

Webel, C., Conner, K. A., & Zhao, W. (2018). Simulations as a tool for practicing questioning. In O. Buchbinder & S. Kuntze (Eds.), Mathematics teachers engaging with representations of practice: A dynamically evolving field (pp. 95–112). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70594-1_6

Weber, W. G. (2000). Organizational conditions fostering prosocial work orientations in teams? In M. Vartiainen, F. Avalloni & N. Anderson (Eds.), Innovative theories, tools, and practices in work and organizational psychology (pp. 75–96). Hogrefe and Huber.

Westerman, D. A. (1991). Expert and novice teacher decision making. Journal of Teacher Education, 42(4), 292–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/002248719104200407

Wieman, R., & Webel, C. (2019). Patterns linking interpreting and deciding how to respond during the launch of a lesson: Noticing from an integrated perspective. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 21(1), 28–50.

Wilson, S., & McChesney, J. (2018). From course work to practicum: Learning to plan for teaching mathematics. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 20(2), 96–113.

Zazkis, R., Liljedahl, P., & Sinclair, N. (2009). Lesson plays: Planning teaching versus teaching planning. For the Learning of Mathematics, 29(1), 40–47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40248639

Zazkis, R., & Zazkis, D. (2014). Script writing in the mathematics classroom: Imaginary conversations on the structure of numbers. Research in Mathematics Education, 16(1), 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/14794802.2013.876157

Zeichner, K. (2012). The turn once again toward practice-based teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 63(5), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487112445789

Downloads

Published

2022-12-23

Issue

Section

Articles